Early hackers

Early hackers
Hacker era began in 1961 over the beginning of MIT in the first computer DEC PDP-1. MIT's Tech Model Railroad Club (referred to TMRC) of Power and Signals Group bought the machine after it as the most popular technology toys, all kinds of programming tools and computer terminology began to appear, the whole environment and culture has been developed to today . This in Steven Levy's book `Hackers' earlier detailed records (Anchor / Doubleday, 1984 publication, ISBN 0-385-19195-2).
※ Translation: Interactive computing does not mean that Windows, GUI, WYSIWYG interface, and so on, there were terminal, a shell can be even under the command of the Interactive computing. Hacker the first to use the word should be MIT. In the early 1980s the authority of the academic artificial intelligence: MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the core figures are from TMRC. From 1969 onwards, the ARPANET is the first year of deployment, these people in the computer science community will continue to have a major breakthrough and contribute to.
ARPANET was the first high-speed network across the United States. From the U.S. Department of Defense funded by the construction of an experimental nature of digital communications networks, has grown into links universities, research institutions and the Department of Defense contractor of the network. Researchers around the can to an unprecedented speed and flexibility to exchange information, ultra-high efficiency model of cooperation led to the rapid development of science and technology.
ARPANET Another advantage is that the information highway makes the world's hackers can get together, as in the past no longer in isolation throughout the Unit formed a short-lived culture, and network convergence them into a powerful force. Hacker culture was beginning to feel the presence, finishing the term hands placed network, the Internet and a mockery of literature should be discussed by the Hacker's Code of Ethics. (Jargon File of the first edition appeared in 1973, is a good example), Hacker culture is connected to the ARPANET of the University of rapid development, especially (but is incomplete) in the information relevant departments.
At first, the Hacker culture to the development of the MIT AI Lab as the center, but Stanford University's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (referred to SAIL) and later the Carnegie-Mellon University (referred to CMU) is rapidly rising. Three are large-scale scientific research centres and artificial intelligence information the authority to gather the rest of the world's elite, whether in technical or spiritual level, the Hacker culture has very high contribution.
Later, to understand the story, we must first take a look at the changes in the computer itself; With the advancement of technology, the protagonists from MIT AI Lab Hongjiyishi out to the last stage.
MIT Taiwan from the beginning of PDP-1, Hacker programs were the main development platform is the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP mini-computer sequence. DEC developed the first commercial use mainly of interactive computing and time-sharing operating system, when many universities are bought DEC machines, because it offers both flexibility and speed, is still very cheap (as opposed to rapid large-scale computer mainframe) . Time-sharing system is cheaper Hacker culture can be one of rapid growth in popularity of the PDP times, ARPANET was the world DEC machines, the most important of which is an PDP-10, PDP-10 by the Hacker's favor to 15 Years; TOPS-10 (DEC operating system) and MACRO-10 (the assembly), many of the terms and nostalgia Hacker legend still often appears in the word.
MIT, as we used the same PDP-10, but their disdain with DEC's operating system. They wrote a Pianyao own:-known legends of the ITS.
ITS full name is `Incompatible Timesharing System ', for this strange MIT were really in line with the Gaoguai style - is to be different, they raised eyebrow but capable enough to write a set of its own operating system. ITS has always been unstable, eccentric design, bug lot, but there are still many unique creativity, seems to be time-sharing system in the boot of the longest time record holder.
ITS itself is written in assembly language, written in other parts of the LISP. LISP at the time is a powerful and extremely flexible programming languages, in fact, 25 years later, its design is still better than most of the programming language. LISP to the ITS to enjoy a Hacker Gaoguai imagination and ability. LISP MIT AI Lab success is the greatest hero, now it is still one of Hacker's favorite.
ITS to the product of many are still alive; EMACS is probably the most famous one, and the ITS Baiguanyeshi today at the Hacker they have talked about, just as you read the Jargon File in the general. In the red in the MIT of the Fazi, SAIL and the CMU has not idle. SAIL later became the backbone of the PC industry or the graphical user interface developed by the key role. CMU is the Hacker developed the first practical expert system and large-scale industrial robots.
Hacker is another stronghold of XEROX PARC's Palo Alto Research Center. From early 1970 to mid-1980 these 10 years, PARC emerging astonishing breakthroughs and inventions, whether quantitative or qualitative, software or hardware side. If the current window mouse interface, the laser printer and regional networks of its Series D machines, to hasten the birth of a mini-computer with a longer short of the powerful personal computers. Unfortunately foresight of these companies are not subject to high level of appreciation; PARC is dedicated to provide good idea Bang Bieren profitable companies to become known to the public big joke. Even so, PARC Hacker culture of these people still can not Mamie contribution. The 1970s and the PDP-10 strong culture of rapid growth. Mailing list of the world appear to be composed of people from all over the many SIG (Special-interest group), not only in computers, but also the social and entertainment. DARPA legitimacy of these non-` 'activities turn a blind eye, because on these activities will attract more clever lads in the field of computer do.
The famous non-computer-related ARPANET mailing list of the most important science fiction fans, the ARPANET now become Internet, a growing number of readers participate in the discussion. Mailing list has gradually become a public discussion on the media, leading many commercial online services such as CompuServe, Genie and Prodigy's set up.